Approved yellow fever vaccine producers
Manufacturers or agency Address of manufacturer or distributor

* A system for the Prequalification of Vaccines for UN Supply : WHO provides a service to UNICEF and other UN agencies that purchase vaccines, to determine the acceptability in principle of vaccines from different sources for supply to these agencies. There is an established procedure used by WHO for the initial evaluation of candidate vaccines. Reassessment at regular intervals ensures the continuing quality of vaccines currently being supplied.

List of countries endemic for yellow fever* and list of countries requesting yellow fever vaccination for travellers coming from endemic countries Countries Countries endemic

Afghanistan Yes
Albania Yes
Algeria Yes
American Samoa Yes
Angola Yes Yes
Anguilla Yes
Antigua and Barbuda Yes
Australia Yes
Bahamas Yes
Bangladesh Yes
Barbados Yes
Belize Yes
Benin Yes Yes
Bhutan Yes
Bolivia Yes Yes
Botswana Yes
Brazil Yes Yes

Brunei Darussalam Yes
Burkina Faso Yes Yes
Burundi Yes Yes
Cambodia Yes
Cameroon Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes
Central African Republic Yes Yes
Chad Yes Yes
China Yes
Colombia Yes Yes
Congo Yes Yes
Côte d’Ivoire Yes Yes
Democratic Republic
of the Congo Yes Yes
Djibouti Yes
Dominica Yes
Ecuador Yes Yes
Egypt Yes
El Salvador Yes
Equatorial Guinea Yes Yes
Eritrea Yes
Ethiopia Yes Yes
Fiji Yes
French Guyana Yes Yes
French Polynesia Yes
Gabon Yes Yes
Gambia Yes Yes
Ghana Yes Yes
Grenada Yes
Guadeloupe Yes
Guatemala Yes
Guinea Yes Yes
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes
Guyana Yes Yes
Haiti Yes
Honduras Yes
India Yes
Iraq Yes
Jamaica Yes
Jordan Yes
Kazakhstan Yes
Kenya Yes Yes
Kiribati Yes
Lao People’s Democratic Rep. Yes
Lebanon Yes
Lesotho Yes
Liberia Yes Yes
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Yes
Malawi Yes
Malaysia Yes
Maldives Yes
Mali Yes Yes
Malta Yes
Mauritania Yes Yes
Iran (Islamic Rep. of) Yes
Indonesia Yes
Mauritius Yes
Montserrat Yes
Mozambique Yes
Myanmar Yes
Namibia Yes
Nauru Yes
Nepal Yes
Netherlands Antilles Yes
New Caledonia Yes
Nicaragua Yes
Niger Yes Yes
Nigeria Yes Yes
Niue Yes
Oman Yes
Pakistan Yes
Palau Yes
Panama Yes Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes
Paraguay Yes
Peru Yes Yes
Philippines Yes
Pitcairn Islands Yes
Portugal Yes
Reunion Yes
Rwanda Yes Yes
Saint Helena Yes
Saint Kitts and Nevis Yes
Saint Lucia Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes
Samoa Yes
Sao Tome and Principe Yes Yes
Saudi Arabia Yes
Senegal Yes Yes
Seychelles Yes
Sierra Leone Yes Yes
Singapore Yes
Solomon Islands Yes
Somalia Yes Yes
South Africa Yes
Sri Lanka Yes
Sudan Yes Yes
Suriname Yes Yes
Swaziland Yes
Syrian Arab Republic Yes
Thailand Yes
Togo Yes Yes
Tonga Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes
Tunisia Yes
Uganda Yes Yes
Uruguay Yes
United Republic of Tanzania Yes Yes
Venezuela Yes
Viet Nam Yes
Yemen Yes
Zimbabwe Yes
* Either yellow fever has been reported or disease in the past plus presence of vectors and animal reservoirs create a potential risk of infection and transmission

International Health Regulations
The globalization of infectious diseases is not a new phenomenon. However, increased population movements, whether through tourism or migration or as a result of disasters; growth in international trade in food and biological products; social and environmental changes linked with urbanization, deforestation and alterations in climate; and changes in methods of food processing, distribution and consumer habits have reaffirmed that infectious disease events in one country are potentially a concern for the entire world. In addition to epidemics that occur naturally, outbreaks might result from intentional or accidental release of biological agents. Consequently, the need for international cooperation in order to safeguard global health security is as crucial as ever.

The International Health Regulations, adopted in 1969 and amended in 1973 and 1981,1 provide the framework for such international cooperation. Their stated purpose is “to ensure maximum security against international spread of diseases with minimum interference with world traffic and trade”. Their main objectives are to ensure:

(1) the consistent application of routine, preventive measures (e.g. at ports and airports) and the use by all of internationally approved
documents (e.g. vaccination certificates); and
(2) the formal notification to WHO and implementation of predetermined measures in the event of the occurrence of one of the three notifiable diseases (cholera, plague and yellow fever). The two main practical applications of the Regulations likely to be encountered by travellers are the yellow fever vaccination requirements imposed by certain
countries and the disinsection of aircraft to prevent importation of disease vectors .

These measures are intended to help prevent the international spread of diseases and, in the context of international travel, to do so with the minimum inconvenience to the passenger. This requires international collaboration in the detection and reduction or elimination of the sources from which infection 1 International Health Regulations (1969): third annotated edition. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1983. spreads rather than attempts to prevent the introduction of disease by legalistic barriers that over the years have proved to be ineffective. Ultimately, however, the risk of an infective agent becoming established in a country is determined by the quality of the national epidemiological services and, in particular, by day-today national health and disease surveillance activities and the ability to implement prompt and effective control measures.

The International Health Regulations are currently being revised, in order to ensure that they are better adapted to the present volume of international traffic and trade and take account of current trends in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including emerging disease threats. The main proposed shift is to depart from the three diseases mentioned above and to focus on any “health emergency of international concern”. The main challenges encountered during the revision include: ensuring that only public health risks (usually caused by an infectious agent) that are of urgent international importance are reported under the Regulations; avoiding stigmatization and unnecessary negative impact on international travel and trade of invalid reporting from sources other than Member States, which can have serious economic consequences for countries; and making sure that the system is sensitive enough to detect new or re-emerging public health risks.